Anderson, M.J.; Willis, T.J. 2003. Canonical analysis of principal coordinates: a useful method of constrained ordination for ecology. Ecology 84: 511–525.
We describe a new method for constrained ordination (with reference to an a priori specified hypothesis) of multivariate ecological data. Called CAP (for Canonical Analysis of Principal Coordinates), the method can use any distance or dissimilarity measure, and uses canonical tests using permutations to address hypotheses concerning correlations or differences among groups. Using reef fish data from northern New Zealand, we show how it can uncover patterns that are masked in an unconstrained ordination (such multidimensional scaling). We suggest that a CAP ordination together with an unconstrained ordination provide important information with reference to explicit a priori hypotheses concerning multivariate data.
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